Externalizing Behaviors Among Children, Play Therapy, And...

Externalizing Behaviors in Children, Play Therapy, and Parental Involvement Externalizing behaviors are negative behaviors in which a person might act upon, such as aggression, impulsivity, property or personal destruction, and verbal insults (Meany-Walen, Kottman, Bullis, and Dillman Taylor, 2015). This type of behavior may typically lead to more significant underlying problem(s) in the future. According to Meany-Walen et al., (2015) children that display externalizing behaviors such as aggression, and who do not receive the proper intervention have a higher risk of experiencing problems throughout their lives. Additionally, Olson, Bates, Sandy, Lanthier (2000) state that children experiencing such behaviors are at greater risk for academic failure, rejection by peers, conflicts with family and with educators, delinquency, low educational and occupational attainment, and adult criminality. Preschool children who particularly display high levels of aggression along with social, and emotional issues are also at a higher risk for continuing this form of condu ct as well (Davenport Bourgeois, 2008). It is important to consider the familial contribution to the child’s externalizing behaviors, such as aggression. Papalia, Feldman, Martorell (2014) consider the family atmosphere as a key influence on the development of children, and the frequency of the externalizing behaviors occurring in children who derive from families with higher levels of conflict. Without interventionShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesof anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if characteristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parents can predict anxiety. Anxiety disorders are one of the most common psychological disorders found in childhood and research has shown that they can have a negative impact on a child’s current and future development if left untreated (Cartwright-Hatton et al. 2006; Johnson et al. 2000; Visu-Petra et al. 2010; Vitiello and Waslick 2010). About 80% of ch ildren with high-functioningRead MoreA REPORT ON THE EFFECTS OF SIBLING SEXUAL ABUSE5691 Words   |  23 Pages AUGUST, 2013. PREFACE In this report the word ‘’ Sibling ’’ is used to refer to children who grow up in the same family, whether they are step-children, foster children, adopted children or children by birth. Naturally and healthy sexual exploration between children of similar age, size and developmental stage and sexual play that is mutual, voluntary and not coercive , is not sibling abuse, or incest, can involve a brother and sister, two sisters orRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect3425 Words   |  14 PagesLong Term Effects on Human Development from Infancy to Adulthood Sheila Y. Boone Liberty University December 10, 2008 Abstract Child abuse and neglect is a prevalent issue in the United States. Every year approximately one million infants, children and adolescents are victims of child abuse and neglect. Research has linked childhood experiences of abuse and neglect with some serious life-long developmental, social, emotional and other significant problems. This paper will address risk factorsRead MoreInvestigating Related Factors to Teenagers‚Äà ´ Delinquency of Shiraz According to Social Control and Differential Association5365 Words   |  22 Pagesauthorities and somehow total community. Such great vulnerable population control and offences decrease in them need a logic and long program; the programs should be based on the daily social realities to create a framework decreasing the offences among the teenagers. Intl. J. Manag. Human. Sci. Vol., 2 (2), 133 -141 , 2013 One of the most important and essential units influencing offence is family. Family has been a central unit to adapt with the community in all cultures to institutionalizeRead MoreAttachment Theory and the Kibbutz Society5271 Words   |  21 Pagessensitivity to infant cues 10 2.6- Externalizing and its impact on children 10 Research design 11 Method 11 Findings 11 Emotional unavailability 11 Complication in mother-infant relationship 12 Limitations 12 PART 3 13 3- Historical background 13 PART 4 15 4- Relevance of researched subject 15 4.1- The understanding of child perspective 15 4.2- Relevance to family and community 16 PART 5 17 5- Interview experience 17 5.1- Interviewees doubtful behaviors regarding research 17 5.2- StarkRead MoreThe Long Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse11950 Words   |  48 PagesNSPCC statistics, Attewill (2012) reported in 2011 a child was sexually attacked every twenty minutes, with more than 60 child sex offences reported to the police each day and 23,097 reports for the year. A great effort has been put into enabling children to disclose their abuse, interventions and laws to protect survivors from such abuse. However, how the abuse effects the survivors has received comparatively little attention, (Nelson and Hampson 2008). Research has documented that survivors areRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesfrom some academic scribbler of a few years back (p. 383). Although he wrote specifically about economic and political theory, Keynes’ insights are equally relevant to organization theory. Here Keynes alludes to the pivotal role any theory generally plays in how we make sense of and act in the world. He also suggests that hidden dangers lurk when we are unaware of the sources of the theories we inevitably apply in practically undertaking whatever it is that we do. Therefore, we must be cautious about

The Effect of Respect on Morality Depicted in The Guest...

The prevailing theme in The Guest and Shooting an Elephant is the effect of respect on morality. In the former, the main character Daru exhibits a great deal of respect and hospitality to the Arab, especially considering the circumstances. In the latter, the Burmans exhibit no respect to the police officer in the event of the elephant display, or in his day to day life. These opposite scenarios have a distinct effect on the morality of the main characters. Respect has a distinct effect on morality which differs depending on if respect is being strived for or shown. The British police officer in Shooting an Elephant had never been respected by the Burman natives a day in his life. He was regularly mocked and cheated, even by the religious†¦show more content†¦The police officer’s need for the brief sustenance that comes with finally being respected which caused him to turn his back on his beliefs is proof of our sad human nature. By buying into the moral of this story and following your morality, one will not end up remorseful about the morals that one has neglected to follow. In The Guest, the main character Daru is also put in a moral conflict. Although he evades said conflict by giving the Arab his own choice of punishment or freedom, his underlying respect and hospitality causes his guest to deliver himself unto the hands of his enemy. Because of the hospitality that Daru shows the Arab, he feels obligated to do the moral thing and serve his sentence. He condemns himself to prison at the hands of the French the same way that a person, working for a generous manager who continually cheers him on despite his repeated failures, will always try his best to improve his work. Although this is an extreme case of said example, they both demonstrate the power of respect, hospitality, and generosity on morality, and that an input of goodness leads to an output of the same. When morality is positively influenced by respect, positive morals are demonstrated, and when influenced negatively, the opposite is resultantly true. Using examples in The Guest, and Shooting an Elephant, human nature displays its bittersweet edge. In The Guest, Daru’s prevailing respect to the Arab drives him toShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesglOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women 61 Questions for Review 62 Experiential Exercise Feeling Excluded 62 Ethical Dilemma Board Quotas 62 Case Incident 1 The Flynn Effect 63 Case Incident 2 Increasing Age Diversity in the Workplace 64 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Attitudes 70 What Are the Main Components of Attitudes? 70 †¢ Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes? 71 †¢ What Are the Major Job AttitudesRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pages (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: permcoordinator@wiley.com. Limit of LiabilityDisclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials

Cyber Security in the Area of Business-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Secruity in the area of Business. Answer: Introduction: The report is based on the challenges of cyber security in business. In the modern era, the entire official work is depending on the computer. All the files and documents of the company or business are keeping in the files of the computer as an electronic form and it is important to keep them safe for their important nature. The modern technologies have able us to manage various works in a systematic manner. However, it has certain negative impacts too. One of the major problems regarding the computer based information system is hacking or phishing. Therefore, it becomes necessary to maintain a strong cyber security to secure the computer-based information protected. The information that are kept in the numerous folders are related with the future of a business and confidential in nature. All the business transactions, important contacts, agreements, accounting process and other necessary documents are secured in the files of computer. Hackers are targeting these files and trying to steal those documents, which is a potential threat for the future of the respective business (Wang Lu,2013). Thus, cyber security is necessary in this behalf. Hacking is a process through which the information that is remaining safe in the computer in certain encrypted format is transferring in another system without the knowledge of the respective business authority. It is a kind of stealing. In the language of computer, cyber security does not the net protection, but the physical protection too. The problem becomes a serious concern for many states as they are growing in nature. There are many steps are taken for that and many laws are encoded to deal with the potential threat (Collins, 2016). Project object: The cyber related problem is of serious in nature and therefore, it is important to take the matter seriously. It is important to know about the different aspects of the cyber problems, their effects, consequences, importance of the cyber security and challenges that have to be faced by the certain authorities in this regard. This project is discussing on each of these topics and set out an objectives regarding the purpose. Therefore, the main object of this project is to point out the challenges regarding the problem and to set out certain rules so that these problems can be set aside. Cyber security are that portion of the cyber law that are helpful to generate a systematic way regarding the encrypted version of the information and a protection regarding the same so that the information can be secured in a proper way (Webb Dayal, 2017). This project also discussed about different elements of the cyber security that includes securities relating to application, information, network and operational securities. Cyber security is an approach to the cyber threats and pointed out certain safeguard measures regarding the same. In the words of the CTO of Layer 7 Technologies, Adam Vincent, the most challenging feature of the cyber security is that the threats are much advanced than the security system. The idea of the hackers is faster than the protector and that creates a detrimental effect on the cyber security system. An attempt to point out the various dimension of the cyber security has been made through this project and certain measures have also chalk out for that purpose (Ibrahim, Hamlyn-Harris Grundy, 2016). Project scope: Therefore, it is a fact that the cyber hackers are become a threat to the cyber system and there are numerous cases working as an evidence to prove the fact. In the year 2014, cyber hacking becomes emergency in nature to the states like United States and Australia. The government has taken certain measures regarding the matter. However, the cyber security is facing some challenges and this report is describing the possible challenges. Therefore, the scope of the report is vehement in nature (Feakin, Nevill Hawkins, 2017). Literature review: Introduction: The subject matter of this report is to set out the challenges regarding the cyber security issue. It is important to give a brief history on the cyber security program and its effect to curb the phenomenon before stating the challenges it faces regarding the application. Cyber security is an effort to secure the encrypted documents and it has certain elements that are as follows: Application security; Network security; Information security; Business planning; and Operational security. Cyber security is an international problem and many countries are facing this problem. The serious nature of the matter makes the problem a potential threat (Gupta, Agrawal, Yamaguchi, 2016). Challenges: There are certain challenges faced by the cyber security regarding the issuance of the same. One of the most important risks are the advance mentality of the hacker regarding the subject. It has been a threat to the cyber security management as if the pattern of the hackers is unknown to the management, it will not possible to secure the system (Brewster, 2015). In Australia, an institution is set up to deal with the matter named as Australian Computer Society (Vogel, 2016). One of the officials of that society, Adam Vincent confessed the matter and revealed his worry regarding the advance ideas of the hackers. A failure regarding the same affected the whole system badly. Certain proactive approaches are taken in this behalf by another institution namely National Institute of Standards and Technology. The government is investing money to make the system strong and as per the report of the Forbes, the global markets regarding the cyber security program has reached an investment criter ion of $75 billion (Stojmenovic Wen, 2014). In spite of this, the system has faced certain challenges that are creating obstacles to reach the aim of the system and if the challenges are not curbed, the effect will be detrimental (Brewster, 2015). The major challenges regarding the same can be categorised as follows: Lack of research program; Barriers to the local security providers; and Shortage of experienced workers in this arena. The problem regarding the cyber security is international in nature and it is important to work on the topic in a most realistic way. As per the report of various sources, it has been come to the light that the mentality of the hackers is advanced in nature and the pattern of hacking is ever changing. Therefore, it is obvious to state that research regarding the problem is important issue. However, in Australia, there is a laxity regarding the same is observed. Research development program is important for every single matter that has certain detrimental effects. The research program is price worthy and if there is no sufficient investment can be done, that will be fatal in nature. The outcome of the research program resulted into laxity in the strategic approaches (Mikolic-Torreira et al., 2017). There is a yawning gap between the research management of the universities and businesses that is also work as a weak point in the cyber management of Australia. The communication problem r egarding the issue has created a serious problem in Australian society. It is a fact that except the large firms, there is a little scope for the programmer to do research on the topics of cyber hacking. This has created certain limitations to the small businesses and become the soft target for the hackers. Sometimes, the programmers are failed to work as per the expectation of the company and lack of research is the main problem behind this. Introduction of advanced technologies, involvement of cyber experts and installation of advanced soft ware need a huge amount of money (Anwar Mahmood, 2014). The second challenge is regarding the involvement of the local market authorities in the cyber system. It has been observed that there is a gap maintained by the corporate sector of Australia. The programmers of the large corporate sectors are getting many facilities for the research and the owner makes a large amount of investment. However, in case of the, proper investment is not possible and the local programmers have to face problems regarding the same. Certain other problems excluded the investment process (Hu, Vasilakos, 2016). There is a misunderstanding between the customers and the programmers occurred that lead the company towards an incredibility and bad reputation in the market. In Australia, there is a complex procurement process is in force. The main disadvantage of the process is that it restricts the smaller firms to come into the contact of the large-scale customers. Certain strategies should adopt by the government to avoid the problems and the procurement process should be relaxed as soon as possible (Singer Friedman, 2014). High talent is important to deal with the advance process of cyber hacking and the programmer should be well skilled in this respect (Appendix 2). However, Australia is facing certain difficulties regarding the issue. According to a report, Australia is lacking cyber talent and the position of the country regarding the issue is threatening. The system of the cyber security is lagging behind regarding this and the business of Australia has to face hurdle for that. There is a shortage of skill regarding the matter and due to this; a pay hike over the same is taking place in the business market (Shaw, 2016). As per the report of Forbes, in Australia, there is a need of at least 11,000 skilled programmers within 2020. The reason behind the laxity of skills is the internal dispute in the educational system of Australia. A gap is also taken place in between the theoretical and practical life and the new comers are deprived from the research management due to the lack of investment (Shafqat Masood, 2016). There is a need to involve experts in the education system who are experienced in this sector (Appendix 1). The universities should make a syllabus that will be treated as skill worthy. That will help the country to make certain well-trained cyber graduates who can be hopeful for the management and can deliver necessary strategies to curb the cyber hacking policies. Except the educational system, the attitude of the employers is also a reason behind it. In many cases, it has been observed that the employers are demanding certain criteria that are not possible to meet by programmers and the technical position of the country become weaker regarding this. In Australia, there are laxity regarding the proper training observed (Rajakaruna, Shahnia Ghosh, 2016). In the words of Andrzej Kawalec, an official of HPE security services, in the modern era, there is a lean on the adoption of the technologies are observed and a united approach as against the cyber risk is necessary. The united approach includes the team management program and that requires the trust on the partners. As per the notion of Marshall Heliman, a cyber researcher, the potential risk regarding the cyber security is the reluctances of the companies regarding the issue of cyber threats. The companies should concentrate on the authentication system and a strategic approach is needed in that case. It is to be understood what the main targeting area of the hackers are (Brookes, 2015). According to the view of Chris Leach, the methodologies of the hackers are changing time to time and it is becoming a threat to the programmers to act properly in this behalf. The attacks on the business transactions are nefarious in nature and the way of the hacking styles are becoming proactive in this case. A proactive defence strategy should be adopted in this case and there should be enhancement regarding the critical database is required. The government as well as the private companies with high obligation should trace out the root of the problems and the weak points are to be resolved as soon as possible (Jokar, Arianpoo Leung, 2016). Australia is a business-oriented country and cyber transaction is essential part of it. A lot of money is transferring on online basis and the financial sector of the country is vehemently engaged with this encrypted system. These technological infrastructures should be protected with priorities and must be underpinned in every single portion where the data are collected. Cyber security does not happen with the system of computer only. In the modern area, the shadow of the hackers is imprinted on the sphere of mobile phone also. The hackers are adopted the cloud technologies and generate attacks in the mobile transactions (Appendix 3) (Jokar, Arianpoo Leung, 2016). Password management is also a serious threat for the cyber security program. Passwords are the security key that prevent the outsider to enter into the personal data of a person. In the computer system, passwords are the encrypted version of the security system. It is the common pattern for the hackers to break this security keys to grab the confidential and necessary data from the account of a person. Threats are generated by the botnet also. Botnet stands for the remotely controlled hackers who tried to hack the computers through remote. The advantage regarding the botnet is that it can hack the web cam, Wi-Fi router and even a modem. They are injecting malware in the system of others and targeting the poor security designs to steal the data. Therefore, the technology regarding the Botnet should be prevented and the necessary steps are to be taken in this regard. The hackers are developing the standards of the botnet day today and there is a strong step taken for the purpose (Schoitsch, 2016). Conclusion: Therefore, from the above named paragraphs, it can conclude that the cyber hacking is generated as a potential threat to the business sector of Australia and the index of the threat is growing in nature. Cyber security is important to protect the important documents to facilitate the process of business and to secure the transaction properly. The business process in the country like Australia is highly based on the computer program. The business related transactions, data, contacts, contracts are vehemently depend on the computer service and the threat from the hackers are become epidemic in nature. There are certain measures taken by the government, but the cyber security is facing tremendous problem regarding certain issues. The issues are explained in the above named paragraphs in a detailed way. The common thing prevailed in that case is that the hackers are using advanced technologies and the mindset of the hackers is more advanced. They are targeting the weak security system of the computers and trying to grab all the data from the system. The biggest challenge for the programmers is the lack of investment in this section and insufficient research method. Absence of necessary strategies is also a potential threat to the cyber security cells. However, as the business world is vehemently depends on the cyber technologies, the government has to take all the possible steps to curb the detrimental effects of the cyber hacking and protect the encrypted information for the betterment of the business and the future of the country. References Reference: Wang, W., Lu, Z. (2013). Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges.Computer Networks,57(5), 1344-1371. Collins, A. (2016).Contemporary security studies. Oxford university press. Webb, T., Dayal, S. (2017). Building the wall: Addressing cybersecurity risks in medical devices in the USA and Australia.Computer Law Security Review. Ibrahim, A. S., Hamlyn-Harris, J., Grundy, J. (2016). Emerging security challenges of cloud virtual infrastructure.arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.09059. Feakin, T., Nevill, L., Hawkins, Z. (2017). The AustraliaUS Cyber Security Dialogue. Gupta, B., Agrawal, D. P., Yamaguchi, S. (Eds.). (2016).Handbook of research on modern cryptographic solutions for computer and cyber security. IGI Global. Vogel, R. (2016). Closing the cybersecurity skills gap.Salus Journal,4(2), 32. Brewster, D. (2015). The AustraliaIndia framework for security cooperation: another step towards an Indo-Pacific security partnership. Brewster, D. (2015). The AustraliaIndia framework for security cooperation: another step towards an Indo-Pacific security partnership. Stojmenovic, I., Wen, S. (2014, September). The fog computing paradigm: Scenarios and security issues. InComputer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2014 Federated Conference on(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Mikolic-Torreira, I., Snyder, D., Price, M., Shlapak, D., Beaghley, S., Bishop, M., ... Westerman, E. (2017). Exploring Cyber Security Policy Options in Australia. Anwar, A., Mahmood, A. N. (2014). Cyber security of smart grid infrastructure.arXiv preprint arXiv:1401.3936. Hu, J., Vasilakos, A. V. (2016). Energy big data analytics and security: challenges and opportunities.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,7(5), 2423-2436. Singer, P. W., Friedman, A. (2014).Cybersecurity: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. Shaw, R. (2016). Export controls and the life sciences: controversy or opportunity?.EMBO reports, e201642254. Shafqat, N., Masood, A. (2016). Comparative analysis of various national cyber security strategies.International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,14(1), 129. Rajakaruna, S., Shahnia, F., Ghosh, A. (2016).Plug in electric vehicles in smart grids. Springer Verlag, Singapor. Brookes, C. (2015). Cyber security: Time for an integrated whole-of-nation approach in australia.Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers. Jokar, P., Arianpoo, N., Leung, V. (2016). A survey on security issues in smart grids.Security and Communication Networks,9(3), 262-273. Schoitsch, E., Schmittner, C., Ma, Z., Gruber, T. (2016). The need for safety and cyber-security co-engineering and standardization for highly automated automotive vehicles. InAdvanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2015(pp. 251-261). Springer, Cha

No One Writes To The Colonel By Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essays

No One Writes to the Colonel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Suppression of Pride In a state of martial law one individual does not have much to say. This statement holds true in the novel, "No One Writes to the Colonel," by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The author discusses the political climate of one man, the Colonel, who after fighting to create the government in power is being controlled by the bureaucracy. A corrupt government can ruin a man, sap his will, and drive him mindless with hunger; although times are hard the Colonel keeps his dignity and pride. The government, through the use of martial law, controls the people quite readily. The government maintains itself through "Big-Brother" tactics that include the use of censors, secret police, and ordinances like "TALKING POLITICS FORBIDDEN." The sweeping control that is present under this martial law is evident in the every day life of the Colonel and the people of his town. The first example of the nature of their lives is shown through the funeral. A poor musician has died of natural causes; the first in a long period of time. The government in attempt to avoid a demonstration and possibly a riot, reroutes his funeral procession to avoid the police barracks. Since the musician is a first to have died of natural causes, we can assume that martial law has resulted in the untimely death of many people. Another example is the death of the Colonel's son, Agustin, Whom after his death has become the embodiment of the underground. It is rightly so, being that he was the writer of the "clandestine" papers. "'Agustin wrote.' The Colonel observed the deserted street. 'What does he say?' 'The same as always.' They gave him the clandestine sheet of paper" (p.32) Martial law has restricted the free flow of ideas; therefore, they have had to become accustomed to using secrecy. The doctor is part of the information transfer by passing uncensored news articles to the Colonel. The government is undoubtedly aware of these happenings, nevertheless it allows the people some sanctity in them. This fact is evident in the instance where a soldier that stops the Colonel, does not search him. Although the oppression is difficult, the Colonel's dignity and pride helps him to not give up on the pension claim he made to Congress 15 years ago. He shows impressive perseverance through his patient wait for the letter recognizing his request. The Colonel's dignity is important to him; he would much rather write a letter requesting the change of lawyer by hand than ask someone to type the letter as a favor to him. This dignity and pride has caused much hardship in his family's life. They have had to literally scrape by to survive. The novel begins with the Colonel preparing his wife a last cup of coffee by scraping a coffee can with a knife, mixing "bits of rust" with "the last scrapings of ground coffee." (p.1) Themes of oppression are counter-balanced by tenacity shown in the Colonel's long wait. Every Friday the Colonel waits for the postmaster at the launch and follows him to the post office. When he receives nothing the Colonel feels ashamed. The Colonel knows that the state of affairs is not in order and most likely there will never be anything for him, and yet year after year, hoping that the day will come, he waits for the letter. "Fifteen years of waiting had sharpened his intuition. The rooster had sharpened his anxiety." (p.20) He lies to the doctor in his claim that he "wasn't expecting anything" (p.21); and with an innocent childlike look he says "no one writes to me." (p.21) This attempt at covering up his actual reason for being at the post office is an example of his self pride. The Colonel does not want to broadcast the depth of his predicament even though almost everyone is aware. His wife tells him to go sell their clock with firm reproach that they might eat. The Colonel ends up getting an overnight loan in the belief that the letter would come the next day. Hunger is a powerful force, and it drives the Colonel and his wife to contemplate selling the rooster or making stew with it. Somehow they always find just a little bit of money to buy more coffee and sometimes cheese. These people can never succumb to charity and have always tried to sell something when times became increasingly difficult. His wife even boils stones so the neighbors

Anti LGBT law Essays

Anti LGBT law Essays Anti LGBT law Essay Anti LGBT law Essay LGBT youth as well as young adults are predisposed to more health concerns than heterosexual youth and young adults. A study by Ayalon and Alvidrez (2007, p.1326) revealed that there are many cases of HIV diagnoses among gays below 25 years of age who come from racial and ethnic minority communities. This study concluded that risk factors for mental health challenges and involvement in drug and substance abuse are more evident among LGBT youth than their heterosexual counterparts. The National Institute of Health (NIH) (2013, p.5) posits that these risk factors include victimization, violence, harassment, and homelessness that make the youth and young adults in LGBT communities vulnerable. North CarolinaAnti LGBT Law In March 2016, the Governor of North Carolina, Pat McCrory, signed a law that requires citizens to use multi-stall bathrooms based on their birth certificates at various institutions such as schools, universities, and state agencies. This law is against the interests of the LGBT population because it compels transgender people to use rooms designated for women (Kopan Scott, 2016, p.1). According to the law, sexual orientation as well as gender identity can neither be used as the premise for the protection of people by local measures nor compel businesses to offer high minimum wages or paid sick leave. The law prohibits workers to file suit in the state courts against discrimination on the grounds of religion, color, age, handicap, race, national origin, and sex. Instead, it requires people to file their complaints to the State Commission. Elsewhere, in Harris County, Texas, a new inmate policy came to effect in 2013. The policy seeks to protect and guarantee LGBT inmates equal treat ment (Weaver, 2013). For example, the policy allows transgender people to choose their preferred gender and not biological sex as the basis for their provision of housing. References Ayalon, L., Alvidrez, J. (2007). The experience of black consumers in the mental health systemidentifying barriers to and facilitators of mental health treatment using the consumers perspective, Issues in mental health nursing, 28(12), 1323-1340 NIH (2013). Consideration of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) ;;report on the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, Retrieved from https://report.nih.gov/UploadDocs/LGBT%20Health%20Report_FINAL_2013-01-03-508%20compliant.pdf Weaver, L. (2013). Harris County announces Trans-inclusive Housing Policy in Its Jails. Human Rights Campaign. Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Loera, G., Mendez, L., Sala, M., ; Nakamoto, J. (2012). Community-defined solutions for Latino mental health care disparities: California reducing disparities project, Latino Strategic Planning Workgroup Population Report. Sacramento, CA: UC Davis. Alegr;a, M., Chatterji, P., Wells, K., Cao, Z., Chen, C. N., Takeuchi, D., ; Meng, X. L. (2015). Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States. Psychiatric services. American Psychological Association, Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs. (2008). A portrait of success and challenge-Progress report:1997-2005, Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from apa.org/pi/oema/programs/recruitment/draft-report-2007 aspx. Ayalon, L., ; Alvidrez, J. (2007). THE EXPERIENCE OF BLACK CONSUMERS IN THE MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM;IDENTIFYING BARRIERS TO AND FACILITATORS OF MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT USING THE CONSUMERSPERSPECTIVE. Issues in mental health nursing, 28(12), 1323-1340. Bahrampour, T. (2013). Therapist say African Americans are increasingly seeking help for mental illness. The Washington Post. Bridges, A. J., Andrews III, A. R., Villalobos, B. T., Pastrana, F. A., Cavell, T. A., Gomez, D. (2014). Does integrated behavioral health care reduce mental health disparities for Latinos? Initial findings. Journal of Latina/o psychology, 2(1), 37. Burns J. (2013). Mental health and inequity: A human rights approach to inequity, discrimination, and mental disability. Health and Human Rights Journal.11(2). Cook, J., Leff, H., Blyler, C., Gold, P., Goldberg, R., Mueser, K., et al. (2005). Results of a multisite randomized trial of supported employment interventions for individuals with severe mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(5), 505512. Davey G. (2013). Mental Health and Stigma. Psychology Today. Davis, K. (2012). Statistical Brief #358: Expenditures for Treatment of Mental Health Disorders among Young Adults, Ages 18-26, 2007-2009: Estimates for the U.S.Civilian Non-institutionalized Population. Rockville, MD: Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Folsom, D., Hawthorne, W., Lindamer, L., et. al. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors for homelessness and utilization of mental health services among 10,340 patients with serious mental illness in a large public mental health system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 370-376. Frank R., Beronio, K., Glied, S. (2014). Behavioral Health Parity and the Affordable Care Act. Journal of Social Work in Disability and Rehabilitation. 2014; 13(1-2):31-43. Fund S.(2015) Challenging Views of Mental Health in Minority Communities. Diverse Harding, C., Brooks, G., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J.S., Breier, A. (1987). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144 (6), 727735. Hoblan R., (2015). NCGA Senate Health and Human Services Budget: First Look. North Carolina Health News. Holden K., McGregor B., Thandi P., Fresh E., Sheats K., Belton A., Mattox G., Satcher D. (2014). Toward Culturally Centered Integrative Care for Addressing Mental Health Disparities Among Ethnic Minorities. Psychological Services.11(4):357-368. Jordan D. (2015) Going Mental: Minorities and Mental Health in Criminal Justice System. Decoded Science. Kessler, R., Heeringa, S., Lakoma, M., Petukhova, M., Rupp, A., Schoenbaum, M., et al. (2008). The individual-level and societal-level effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(6), 703-11. Kessler, R., McGonagle, K., Zhao, S., Nelson, C., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(1), 8-19. Kramer E., Francis G., (2009). I am not crazy. p 9. Lutterman T., Fiscal Year (2010). Revenues and Expenditure Study Results. SMHA Revenues and Expenditures Data Collection 2012, pdf. Macmadu A., Rich J. (2015). Correctional Health is Community Health. Issues in Science and Technology.32(1). Massetti G., (2016). Preventing Violence Among High-Risk Youth and Communities with Economic, Policy and Structural Strategies. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Report/Supplements. 65(1):57-60. McLaughlin, K. A., (2010). Hatzenbuehler ML, Keyes KM. Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among black, Hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Am J Public Health. 100(8):1477-84. Mental and Behavioral Health. (2015). Options and opportunities for Minnesota. Minnesota Hospital Association. Minnesota Telemedicine Act (SF 981/HF 1246. (2015). Minnesota Hospital Association. National Institutes of Health. (2013). Consideration of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals. Retrieved from https://report.nih.gov/UploadDocs/LGBT%20Health%20Report_FINAL_2013-01-03-508%20compliant.pdf Rowings, K. (2015). Addressing mental Illness and Medical Conditions in County Jails: King County, WA. National Association of Counties . Ryan, C., Neil, K. (2015). The Integration for Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Other Behavioral Health Conditions into Primary Care: Executive Summary of an American College of Physicians Position Paper. Annals of Internal Medicine.163(4):298-299. Sarteschi, C. M. (2013). Mentally ill offenders involved with the US criminal justice system. Sage open, 3(3), 2158244013497029. Poulin, S. R., Maguire, M., Metraux, S., Culhane, D. P. (2010). Service use and costs for persons experiencing chronic homelessness in Philadelphia: a population-based study. Psychiatric Services, 61(11), 1093-1098. Simon, C. (2015). There is a stunning gap between the number of black and white inmates in Americas prison. Business insider . State Legislation Report. (2015). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Swanson, J., Swartz, M., Gilbert, A., Frisman, L., Lin, H. J., Rodis, E., Domino, M. (2011). Costs of criminal justice involvement among persons with severe mental illness in Connecticut. Final Report Submitted to Eli Lilly Co. Swanson, J. W., McGinty, E. E., Fazel, S., Mays, V. M. (2015). Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy. Annals of epidemiology, 25(5), 366-376. Thompson, J. (2016). Mental Health Month Provides Opportunity to Break Down Mental Health Stigma for Latino Community. CalMHSA. Underwood, L. A., Washington, A. (2016). Mental illness and juvenile offenders. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(2), 228. Weaver, L. (2013). Harris County announces Trans-inclusive Housing Policy in Its Jails. Human Rights Campaign . Joel E. Miller, et al., Nov. 2012. The Waterfall Effect: Transforming the Cascading Impact of Medicaid Expansion on States, National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. White House. (Jan. 16, 2013). Now is the Time; the presidents plan to protect our children and our communities by reducing gun violence. White House. Grissom, B (May 18, 2013) With Consensus and Money, State Takes on Mental Health Care. Buchanan, W. (June, 27 2013) Governor Brown Proudly Signs Balanced Budget. 34. Gray, CD (Jul. 3, 2013) House Passes. Kopan, T., Scott, E. (2016, March 24). North Carolina governor signs controversial transgender bill. CNN. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/23/politics/north-carolina-gender-bathrooms-bill/

The Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Mood Improvement essays

The Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Mood Improvement essays Research conducted in the past investigating the relationship between exercise and mood has revealed that there is a possible relationship between exercise... and mood...(Berger and Owen, 1998, p. 611). In research conducted by Harte and Eifert (1995), test subjects generally reported feeling less anxious, depressed, angry, hostile and fatigued after their exercise session. Further research conducted by Berger and Owen obtained that different levels of exercise intensity were associated with mood benefits. Moreover, Mack, Huddleston and Dutler (2000) reported that being involved in light physical activity did not result in negative mood... (p. 913). This suggested that exercise might have a positive association with mood. Overall most of the studies concluded that physical activity is associated with beneficial mood changes. Thus one may assume that there quite possibly exist a relationship between exercise and mood. Previous research conducted by Berger and Owen hypothesized that there was an optimal exercise association with mood benefits (p.613). Moreover, their results showed that the test subjects did indeed report feeling better after exercising (p.614). In an effort to further understand whether this occurrence of mood enhancement due to exercise continues to be apparent, both an experimental and a correlation design will be used to carry out research concerning exercise and mood. The experiment designed to conduct this research will investigate the beneficial mood changes associated with exercise, whereas the correlation design will focus on the relationship between exercise and mood. Thus the general hypothesis of this study is that there will generally be an increase in positive mood in relation with exercise. Experiment This experiment will be designed to investigate if there exists a direct cause and effect relationship between exercise and mood enhancement. It is expected that exposure to dai...

Distribution of Beverages to its Retail Customer Case Study

Distribution of Beverages to its Retail Customer - Case Study Example If it offers a discount or charges less price for its products from one of its customers then it has to charge a lower price for its entire customer which will result in a loss for the company. The current costing method that is adopted by Johnson Beverage Inc in order to analyze the costing and profitability of the business and understanding the cost of the business that is underlying in order to analyze the cost and the income drivers. Therefore an in-depth knowledge is required in order to understand the profitability as per the stock keeping unit. For the improvement and development of the costing and profitability of the business, the company has adopted job order costing. JBI uses or adopts this costing as it assists JBI in analyzing and evaluating the net cost of its manufacturing process over a definite period of time. Under this method of costing the accurate cost that is incurred in the cost of production of the particular unit are maintained. JBI adopts both job order costing and process costing for different parts of its operations. The main disadvantages of applying or adopting this method of costing are it is very difficult or critical in identifying the overall activities that are undertaken that influences the cost of performing this activity. It is very critical in identifying the preferable cost drive that will evaluate or analyze the cost on the basis of the various activities. JBI mainly adopts fixed cost method for its billing purpose in order to analyze the fixed cost for all its activities and it analyzes and finds out the reason for variations in price. It allows the company in leveraging its efficiency and expertise in order to gain competitive advantage. Relevant costing may be defined as the cost that will influence the decision making of the company. The most relevant and best-costing method that JBI  should adopt on the basis of Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 2 is Activity-based costing. It can be observed that in Exhibit 1 that the cost of the goods is subtracted or deducted from the revenue in order to generate the gross margin. It also calculates the customer profitability of the company.  

Astronomy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Astronomy - Research Paper Example According to various reports, the Atlantic Ocean is getting is bigger at the rate of five to ten centimeters per year. Since the size of the earth does not increase, the increase experienced by the Atlantic Ocean means that some plates must be shrinking. Since the seafloor is also expanding, the expansion is believed to continue (NASA). There are various members of the solar system. Earth and Venus are among the members of the solar system. Earth is the third closest planet to the sun whereas Venus is the second closest to the sun. Therefore, being relatively closer to the sun compared to the Earth, Venus is considered to be a lot hotter. The planet Venus is believed to have average temperatures of over 460 degrees centigrade. On the other hand, the planet Earth has an average temperature of 14 degrees centigrade. Nevertheless, both planets share similar composition, similar size, and more importantly, they have an atmosphere that has a complex weather system. Venus is believed to have a smooth surface like that of the earth although there is a variation of what it is and what it is expected to be. There is sizeable evidence showing the same geographical features that are available on planet earth. For instance, volcanoes, Canyons, lava flows, rift valleys, craters, mountains plains among others are also present in Venus (NASA). Just like planet Earth, Venus has a considerable number of mountains. As a matter of fact, Venus is believed to have mountains that are higher than those of Earth. Maxwell Montes, one of the highest mountains on Venus has an elevation of 11 kilometers. The elevation of Maxwell Montes is believed to be 2 kilometers higher than the highest mountain Mount Everest, which is highest mountain in Planet Earth. Substantial evidence shows that volcanoes and lava flows are also present in Venus. This is shown due to the change in

Independent research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Independent research project - Essay Example There are 41 languages represented in the school and the attainment of pupils on entry is very low compared with national levels, with many pupils speaking little or no English. In addition, the percentage of pupils who have learning difficulties is similar to the figures found nationally. The school offers a wide range of before- and after-school activities for pupils, their parents and the local community. The purpose of this study is to identify an area of development on attendance and punctuality of the school as they have problems with it. According to Ofsteds report dated 2004, the Dormers Wells Infants School, it contains school complaints where actions were not required. Following school representation, Ofsted decided to publish informations relating to complaints on September 1, 2006 where actions were required by Ofsted and the school. Even if there were several complaints, they did not require any action. This responsibility to give true and up to date information was changed in January 2009. The main concern of primary school teachers is the issue of pupils taking holiday during school time. The staff were confused as to when holiday time should be authorised and when it should not be authorised. In both authorities, different practices were followed. The ones interviewed believe that Circular 3/99 be rewritten, simplified and be more user friendly for better local clarification. In primary schools, everyday attendance is checked then at the end of school term, a certificate of full attendance is awarded. Teachers are also involved in visiting homes of pupils who got absent on the first day. Some teachers are confused about authorising unauthorised absence issue. All the staff did not believe that attendance should be a part of the work load agenda but they should be involved in registration process as part of their duty of care and pastoral support of pupils and parents. However, both heads and teachers worry that too little information was being shared by school and their local social services and health departments and other local services agencies (ex: Connexions, YOT providers), that has implication for Every Child Matters (Dfes, 2003). METHODOLOGY The method I used to gather data from parents regarding attendance and punctuality is give questionnaires to parents because I found this method more convenient. The significance of this method is that the researcher and respondent should not in any way have any personal involvement. They have to maintain a social distance. (Research Method p 2) Advantages of using questionnaires are: 1. Questionnaires are more objective because responses are gathered in a standardised way. 2. Informations are relatively quick to collect using a questionnaire but in some instances they can take a long time designing and analysing. 3. Information can be gathered from a large portion of a group. Returns from questionnaires are usually low and this is not often realised. But return rates can be improved if the questionnaire is delivered and responded to on time. Disadvantages of questionnaires: 1. Like the many evaluation methods, questionnaires are given after the event, so participants may forget some important issues. 2. Questionnaires a

The sustainable development

The sustainable development Sustainable Development has become the ‘buzz word in the present times. It is being used in every field right from environment to economy and politics. It is seen as the right kind of development, a solution, that is going to free the world from the dangers of environmental catastrophes triggered by the economic activities of man. On the one hand, sustainable development is perceived as the means to achieve a balanced civilization that exists in sync with its environment while at the same time progressing economically, and on the other hand, it is subject to endless debates on what exactly are its goals and how they can be achieved. This essay is a review of the chapter by Michael Jacobs, â€Å"Sustainable Development as a Contested Concept† which is a part of the book, Fairness Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability Social Justice (Dobson, A., 1999). In this chapter, Jacobs expounds the radical theory of sustainable development and argues against the section that proclaims the principles of Sustainable Development (SD) to be redundant. He puts forward several interesting arguments stating the usefulness and absolute necessity of Sustainable Development in the present society. The aim here is therefore to underline some of the key issues and arguments put forward by Jacobs and to critically analyze the article. The author starts out with emphasizing the popularity of SD in the present times and its importance in context of the problems faced by the world. He highlights the two main definitions that have been generally used for sustainable development. One by the Bruntland Commission, states â€Å"Sustainable development means development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs†. The second definition by caring for the earth states that, â€Å" Sustainable Development means improving the quality of life while living within the capacity of the supporting ecosystems†. The author has in a systematic manner, explored the key issues pertaining to sustainable development. These can be summarized as follows: KEY ISSUES The first issue pointed out by the author is that the concept of SD has not yet been universally accepted. There are various forces of opposition that resist the concept. He highlights three important resistances. The first is that SD is an insufficiently defined term and hence some doubt its incorporation into policy-making, as the objectives are not quite clear. Secondly, the section of populace known as the ultra-greens absolutely rejects the notion of SD. According to them, SD provides an excuse to the business and development interests to carry on their economic activities without considering the environment as much as it should be. According to them, SD runs the risk of getting sucked into the capitalist milieu. And thirdly, opposition comes from the academia who state that the concept of SD stems from the same set of ideals i.e. ‘modernism, scientific positivism and realism, which were the foundation of modern economic growth and society. The second issue lies in the lack of a precise definition of SD. The author points out that the meaning of SD lies at two levels. At the first level, the definition is universal and consists of a set of ‘core ideas that are accepted as an integral part of the concept. At the second level comes the debate on how it should be interpreted in practice leading to alternative conceptions of the meaning. Certain sections call for a more precise meaning for the concept to become operational. ‘The technocrats for example, state that SD can be functional only when one single meaning is agreed upon. There is a ‘gallery of definitions and it is not exactly clear as to what it means by the terms ‘development or ‘needs or what must be exactly sustained and how ‘quality of life can be measured. Then the environmentalists concerned about the concept getting politicized claim that unclear definition can lead to misuse of the term Sustainable Development (SD). It is in danger of becoming a clichà © used by businesses in order to show their support to the environmental concerns whilst actually carrying out unsustainable activities. The Third issue highlighted by the author is the rift between the ‘radical sustainable development model and the ‘conservative sustainable development model. The author starts out with putting out the six core ideas of sustainable development that are integral part of it no matter which model one advocates. These six core ideas include: Environment-economy integration Intergenerational equity Intragenerational equity Environmental protection Quality of life Participation. The key argument of the author is that despite of the fact that SD contains some drawbacks in terms of ambiguity at the second level, the core ideas of SD make it unequivocal at the first level of meaning itself. He explains that the core ideas are neither meaningless nor redundant because each of them makes up a very important objective requiring firm changes in every field of policy making. Secondly, he reasons that these core ideas were never a part of the ‘developmental goals of the countries in the past 50 years. Hence incorporation of these core ideas into governmental objectives has put development on a different flight altogether. And thirdly, the scope of SD is very broad consisting of not only environmental protection but also other issues that are social and economical. These issues spring out from the environmental roots and branch out into various sectors. Hence, SD helps in building a society whose, social, economic and political agendas are underpinned by the env ironmental agenda. The author brings out the rift between radical and conservative models of SD by exploring the opposing interpretations of SD along four faultlines drawn from its core ideas. The first faultline pertains to environmental protection where SD is divided between weak SD and strong SD. The weak SD lies on the principle that economic activities cannot be carried out under the limits of environment. Environment has to be protected ‘where possible only after assessing the economic benefits availed from protecting it. It does not consider the intrinsic or existence value of the environment. The strong SD, is totally opposite, as in, it lies on the principle that economic activities should not exceed the carrying capacity of the environment whatsoever and takes the help of tools such as ‘maximum sustainable yield to govern extraction of resources. The second faultline is in terms of equity, which is again divided between the North and South interpretation. The southern view calls for a redistribution of global resources and the release of northern domination upon the resources of the world. However, the north is still uncomfortable about this viewpoint and stresses very little on issues of global distribution of resources or intra-country equality. The third faulline pertains to participation. Here the implementation of SD can be divided into ‘top-down approach or the ‘bottom-up approach. In the ‘top-down approach the governments make the decision and public participation is only limited to implementation levels and personal changes such as recycling, energy saving etc. in the ‘bottom-up approach, participation occurs at the objective setting and the implementation stages. It seeks the participation of public in shaping the objectives of SD and how it can be achieved. And finally, the last faultline pertains to the scope of the subject area. Government and businesses restrict the scope of SD to only environmental concerns. They claim that the efficiency of SD decreases as its breadth increases, as it only becomes a generalized approach to ‘progress. However, advocates of the broader conception state that SD is about the total quality of life and is valid for the entire societal concerns. The radical SD model is based on the egalitarian, strong, bottom-up and broad interpretation of SD while the other set of ideas characterize the conservative model of SD. Here it would suffice to say that the author clearly advocates the radical model of sustainable development and refutes the criticism that SD is vague and unsuitable for application. He argues that implementing SD no matter what its weaknesses are, would lead to the slow diffusion of radical SD without making the political and economic organizations jittery and uncomfortable. He argues, that even though SD is blamed to provide an excuse to the governments and businesses to carry on their economic activities, it has at the least, put up environment on the map of the business agenda. SD has created considerable debate on what should be done to protect the environment and how it should be done. It has raised awareness and increased pressure on the government to deliver. After highlighting these key issues and arguments, the following part of the essay shall consider the strengths and weaknesses of the article. It would delve into how the author has convincingly advocated the implementation of radical SD model and what are the issues he has missed out on. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE The author has applied a very structured methodology to put forward his argument in support of sustainable development convincingly. His approach is to first define the concept of sustainable development. He uses the two most common ones that are widely accepted. These include the brundtland definition and the caring for the earth definition. These have been given at the beginning of this essay. Then he gives out the six core ideas of SD, which make up its essence. He uses these core ideas to explain the rift between the radical and conservative sustainability and finishes off with the conclusion that radical sustainability forms the core of the definition of sustainable development. As the author clearly states â€Å"There is nothing underhand about this: though contested at the second level of meaning, the radical model is drawn directly from the uncontested first level concept of sustainable development†. The major strength of the article lies in the fact that it clearly stresses the importance of sustainable development in spite of its various drawbacks. It is of a common opinion that sustainable development is the most appropriate existing approach to bringing policy changes in every phase of the society. The author puts forward alternative interpretations of the concept of SD and expounds that the kind of interpretation defines the perception of usefulness or uselessness of SD. SD has suffered from severe criticism in terms of its definition and objectives as have been clearly stated by the author in the form of the three kinds of resistances. The article is refreshing in the sense that, the author puts a positive view in support of SD and reestablishes its critical role. Many critics state that SD is incapable of changing the path of development. That economic growth will continue no matter what. The author is quick to point out the political significance of SD in this context. He states that SD has allowed adoption of international documents such as Agenda 21 by various countries putting SD and environmental protection on their objective list. ‘There are much greater levels of activity and debate in the environmental policy field. The author highlights the various ways in which SD has been able to bring a change in the approach to things. Firstly, governments are faced with an obligation to fulfill their commitment by signing documents such as agenda 21. As participation forms an integral part of SD, it has revived the participation of the public who are demanding for greater initiatives by the government. Secondly, it has increased the pressure of the media and pressure groups on the government and has become a valuable tool to make the government and businesses accountable. And thirdly, it has led to redefining the policy framework of institutions and put environmental protection on the table. Many critics are of the view that SD runs the danger of commercializing environmental protection. The author refutes the argument saying that if it were not for SD the governments would not even have been ‘pretending. SD binds the governments to new commitments and makes them more responsible even if it is at a b eginners level. The author very nicely puts forward that the strength of SD lies in the fact that every community has endorsed it. It is supported not only by the radicals but also by the conservatives. In the words of the author, â€Å"SD appears to have the remarkable capacity to articulate, nourish and propagate quite radical political ideas while appearing respectably non-political†. The author uses the four faultlines very effectively in order to bring out the ambiguity created by differing conceptions. While one interpretation, i.e. the conservative interpretation, limits the effectiveness of SD, the other interpretation calls for an overhaul of the existing policy making infrastructure. Hence before being critical of how sustainable is sustainable development, it is important to judge the interpretation taken into account for that particular scenario. Although all the ideas suggested by the radical model as put down by Jacobs, are relevant and address the core problems directly, one very important issues highlighted by Jacobs has been the North-South issue. This issue deserves more thought as it plays an important role in garnering international cooperation for SD. However, the issue does not solely lie in the global redistribution of the resources but also on the blame-game played by each other. While the North blames the poor of the south for environmental degradation, it doesnt take into account issues such as subsistence lifestyles of the very poor in the south and local scale of the degradation caused by them as compared to the global scale of degradation caused by the activities in the north (Timothy Boyle, 1998). Unless the North recognizes the consequences of its own activities and the need to change them, SD will mainly remain ideal in nature. Another important point that has been missed out is that economic growth forms the basic premise of SD. SD does not stop economic growth but only changes the way in which this growth is achieved. It has been implied that economic growth is needed to remove poverty, which is a major cause and effect of global environmental problems (WCED). However, the fact that has gone unrecognized is that economic growth per se has not been able to remove poverty till now. In the words of Sharachchandra, â€Å"if economic growth itself leads to neither environmental sustainability nor removal of poverty, it is clearly a non-objective for SD†. And finally, the notion of equity differs from place to place. What is equitable in the north may not be equitable in the south. There has been literature in the developing countries especially by authors like Jodha, who have pointed out evidence that inequity has actually ensured sustainable usage of resources. The standards governing equitability differ and hence cannot be made universal. Hence to conclude, Jacobs has done a good job at propounding the usefulness of sustainability and dismissing its critics. However, there are many minute points of digression in the concept that need to be looked at. SD as a concept cannot be run across the breadth of the globe but has to adapt itself to the microscopic differences between region to region. This is not to undermine the fact that SD has and will continue to play an important role in modifying global economic and political scenarios.

Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Essay examples -- essays papers

What is the FTAA In 1994, the leaders of the thirty-four democratic countries of the Western Hemisphere launched the process of creating a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA will be established by 2010 with the aim of gradually eradicating barriers to trade and investment in the region. The final characteristics of the FTAA will be determined through negotiations by government officials from the thirty-four participating countries. The trade issues that are presently under discussion are: market access; investment; services; government procurement; dispute settlement; agriculture; intellectual property; antidumping, subsidies and countervailing duties; and competition policy. Guiding principles for these negotiations are (1) the agreement will be consistent with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (2) all countries will be participants in all parts of the agreement, and (3) the final agreement will build on the existing agreements in the region such as the Andean Commu nity and the Southern Cone Common Market (known by its Spanish acronym MERCOSUR). Guiding Principles of the Negotiations †¢ Decisions by consensus (one nation, one vote). †¢ Transparency. †¢ Consistent with rules and disciplines of the World Trade Organization. †¢ Commitment to improve on WTO rules and disciplines. †¢ Single undertaking with simultaneous negotiations in all issue areas. †¢ Co-existence with bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements. †¢ Countries negotiate and accept obligations individually or as members of sub-regional groups. †¢ Special attention to smaller economies and difference in levels of development. †¢ Rights and obligations shared by all countries. †¢ Countries to ensure that national laws and regulations conform to FTAA obligations. The central purpose of the FTAA is to promote economic growth and prosperity of the member countries by lowering barriers to trade and investment within the Western Hemisphere. According to the principles, it is a WTO plus agreement in the sense that the standards and disciplines of the WTO constitute the foundation on which the FTAA is to be constructed, but to be a success it must exceed these. In addition, the FTAA process co-exists with existing trade agreements and the sub-regional trade blocs can have a place at the negotiating table. As is also clear from the list of principles, th... ...p://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_maude.html) Cavanaugh, John. â€Å"Hemispheric Network for Just and Sustainable Trade and Development.† Inside NAFTA 6 (2000): 12-15. Foreign Trade Information System. 2001. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Process. [Online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.sice.oas.org/ftaa_e.asp) Global Exchange. 2000. Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.globalexchange.org/ftaa/topten.html) Hansen-Kuhn, Karen. 1996. Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol1/ftaa.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. FTAA Myths vs. Reality [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_factmyth.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. Straight from the Horse's Mouth: A critical look at what the FTAA says about itself. [Online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_quotes.html) Public Citizen: Global Trade Watch. 1999. Unveiling "NAFTA for the Americas" [online]. Available from World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_publiccitizen.html) Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Essay examples -- essays papers What is the FTAA In 1994, the leaders of the thirty-four democratic countries of the Western Hemisphere launched the process of creating a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA will be established by 2010 with the aim of gradually eradicating barriers to trade and investment in the region. The final characteristics of the FTAA will be determined through negotiations by government officials from the thirty-four participating countries. The trade issues that are presently under discussion are: market access; investment; services; government procurement; dispute settlement; agriculture; intellectual property; antidumping, subsidies and countervailing duties; and competition policy. Guiding principles for these negotiations are (1) the agreement will be consistent with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (2) all countries will be participants in all parts of the agreement, and (3) the final agreement will build on the existing agreements in the region such as the Andean Commu nity and the Southern Cone Common Market (known by its Spanish acronym MERCOSUR). Guiding Principles of the Negotiations †¢ Decisions by consensus (one nation, one vote). †¢ Transparency. †¢ Consistent with rules and disciplines of the World Trade Organization. †¢ Commitment to improve on WTO rules and disciplines. †¢ Single undertaking with simultaneous negotiations in all issue areas. †¢ Co-existence with bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements. †¢ Countries negotiate and accept obligations individually or as members of sub-regional groups. †¢ Special attention to smaller economies and difference in levels of development. †¢ Rights and obligations shared by all countries. †¢ Countries to ensure that national laws and regulations conform to FTAA obligations. The central purpose of the FTAA is to promote economic growth and prosperity of the member countries by lowering barriers to trade and investment within the Western Hemisphere. According to the principles, it is a WTO plus agreement in the sense that the standards and disciplines of the WTO constitute the foundation on which the FTAA is to be constructed, but to be a success it must exceed these. In addition, the FTAA process co-exists with existing trade agreements and the sub-regional trade blocs can have a place at the negotiating table. As is also clear from the list of principles, th... ...p://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_maude.html) Cavanaugh, John. â€Å"Hemispheric Network for Just and Sustainable Trade and Development.† Inside NAFTA 6 (2000): 12-15. Foreign Trade Information System. 2001. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Process. [Online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.sice.oas.org/ftaa_e.asp) Global Exchange. 2000. Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.globalexchange.org/ftaa/topten.html) Hansen-Kuhn, Karen. 1996. Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol1/ftaa.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. FTAA Myths vs. Reality [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_factmyth.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. Straight from the Horse's Mouth: A critical look at what the FTAA says about itself. [Online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_quotes.html) Public Citizen: Global Trade Watch. 1999. Unveiling "NAFTA for the Americas" [online]. Available from World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_publiccitizen.html)

Psychodynamic Theories and Interpersonal Relationships Essay

The Psychodynamic approach is concerned with how important man’s development experiences are in shaping his or her personality traits, such as conflicting feelings, interpersonal interactions, sources of motivation, and defense mechanism. It is founded on the premise that human behavior and relationships are defined by conscious and unconscious elements, a combination of external reality and internal drives (Averbuch, n. d. ). Psychodynamic Personality theorists attribute adult behavior, especially the way people relate to others, to unresolved childhood conflicts and tendencies. A person’s relationship with another is thus formed by one’s own personal choice to be with the other. Yet, the bond or attraction felt for the other and how he or she interacts in the relationship has already been determined by antecedent events. According to Freud, people are passive creatures (Averbuch, n. d. ). Instead of being drivers of their own lives, people are just driven by their need to express or repress their desires and fixations. Freud’s Oedipal Conflict explains why people unconsciously get on good terms and grow up to be very similar to their own parents. During childhood, boys and girls fall for their opposite-sex parent but are both unsuccessful and left unable to do anything about their desire. The solution ultimately ends up in their identification with their same sex parent. All the way to their adulthood, people carry on the traits their same-sex parents have and similarly look for their opposite-sex parent’s traits in the people they meet. At times, some people feel a strong dislike for certain kinds of people; they cannot explain it but they just fear or hate a particular person or the characteristics of this person. On the other hand, one may find a certain similarity among all his or her friends and lovers; one finds that he or she is easily enamoured by a certain group of people or characteristic. This is what both Freud’s theory on repressed memories and dreams and Carl Jung’s archetypes aim to explain. Freud theorized that a woman who is uncomfortable around men may be found to be repressing memories of sexual abuse when she was a child. According to Freud, repression is a way for people to block out emotionally painful events from their awareness so that they also do not have to experience the pain it brings (Richmond, 2008). Freud also interpreted dreams to make sense of how and why people interacted in such manners. He found a strong link between dreams and repressed emotions believing that dreams valid psychological activities that could be analyzed in depth. Dreams are disguised or repressed wishes lacking only in their visibility (Chiriac, 2008). In the case of the woman who was sexually abused as a child, she may have nightmares or dreams hinting on her repressed memory and her unconscious need for justice. Moreover, there are people that seem very familiar despite the fact that one has never met them before; they are the kind that are generally liked or disliked by everyone. One example would be an old, gentle-looking, male university professor. He just seems so smart and kind-hearted. The professor fits most people’s mental image of someone intelligent and trustworthy. Jung called this man an archetype for the wise old man – the better voice of heroes, the knowledgeable sage. Jung’s archetypes are products of the collective unconscious (Glassman, 2007); symbolic patterns or characters that people as if by instinct seem to know and understand. Jung described many kinds of archetypes such as the mother archetype – a caring person in one’s life; the child – giddy and innocent but with who people see great potentials; and the shadow, mysterious, dark and unknown parts of ourselves. People can knowingly make conscious decisions about interpersonal relationships that they have, they want to have, and they choose not to have with others. However, there are these relationship patterns that people unconsciously commit, patterns they can not break away from. Examples are somehow constantly falling for the jerk, avoiding befriending a certain type of person, looking for particular qualities in a partner, and preferring a small group of friends over a large one. People instinctually choose what is beneficial for him or her. He or she operates and forms new or continuous relationships with others by his or her own system of unspoken expectations and underlying beliefs. References Averbuch, R. (n. d. ). Psychodynamic Theories of Behavior [PDF Document]. Retrieved from http://72. 14. 235. 132/search? q=cache:GCw6cJQFkicJ:homepages. wmich. edu/~macdonal/SW%25206660. 05%2520Individuals/psychodynamics. ppt+psychodynamic+theories&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=8&gl=ph Chiriac, J. (2008). Dream Interpretation and Psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud – Life and Work. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://freudfile. org/psychoanalysis/dream_interpretation_and. html Glassman, W. (2007). The Psychodynamic Approach. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://www. ryerson. ca/~glassman/psychdyn. html#Jung Richmond, R. L. (2008). Repressed Memories. A Guide to Psychology and its Practice. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://www. guidetopsychology. com/repressn. htm

Malaysia Dairy Industries Private Limited Essays

Malaysia Dairy Industries Private Limited Essays Malaysia Dairy Industries Private Limited Essay Malaysia Dairy Industries Private Limited Essay Malaysia Dairy Industries Private Limited (MDI) began in 1963 as a joint venture between a Singapore entrepreneur, Mr. Thio Keng Poon and the Australian Dairy Produce Board. Five years later, the company became a locally owned entity after Mr. Thio and his family bought over the Australian interest in the company. MDI become the first manufacturer of evaporated milk and cultured milk in Singapore and Malaysia. Besides, it also the first to produce 100% fruit juice in both countries. Later, the company also became the first to install an Alfa-Laval UHT Steritherm plant in Asia. In 1994, MDI received the ISO 9002 certificate for Quality Management System in Production and Installation. Over the last decade, MDI has seen a tremendous growth in demand for its perishable products. Demands for pasteurised products have increased form 50,000 litres per month to more than 1.3 million litres per month today. At the same time, Vitagen has become so popular among peoples especially children, that lead MDI has had to expand production capacity to meet the growing demands. Therefore, a trend of continued growth leading well into the next century is expected. As MDI prepares to this growth, it has already built a 5-storey extension to its headquarters to provide greater capacity and scope for manufacturing in the future. While Malaysia Milk Sdn Bhd, its Malaysian subsidiary has also completed its sophisticated new building to meet the needs of the Malaysian consumers. Today, MDI manufactures as many as 21 various product lines, which under the brand Marigold include sweetened condensed milk, evaporated milk, cultured milk, full cream milk powder, pasteurised milk, high calcium milk, long-life milk, fruit juices, yoghurts, and dessert etc. (see appendix for the overview of products). Besides, MDIs research and development laboratory has always played an important role in MDI and especially so in the last few years in order to manufacture products that meet its high standards. In todays environment, companies are operating in an uncertain and turbulent environment, especially due to the US war that will be launch soon. The firms will experiences very high uncertainty while external environmental factors change rapidly. This is because the firms do not have sufficient information about environmental factors to understand and predict environmental needs and changes. Moreover, It will reduce the planning horizon because if the firm operates in an uncertain environment, its management is unlikely to develop plans for more than a few years ahead as they accept that will be subject to large margins of error. Thus, MDI must respond by designing its firm to adapt to the external environment and to influence that environment. The external environment for any organisation includes all elements existing outside the boundary of the organisation that have the potential to affect the organisation, which are the Political, Economic, Social cultural and Technological. Political The political dimension that affects MDI includes government regulations at the local, state, and federal levels as well as political activities designed to influence company behaviour. For the entire product, which produce by the MDI shall in all other aspects comply with the requirements of the legislation that currently enforced in Malaysia i.e. The Food Act 1983 and Food Regulations 1985 which set product standards and particular labelling requirements for milk and milk based products. Each product may by arrangement with a recognised certification body, be marked with the certification mark of that body, provided the product conforms to the requirements of this Malaysian Standard. On the other hand, dairy imports such as milk powder, cheese and butter are required to be certified halal by the Malaysian religious authority, for direct consumption and usage as ingredients for further processing. An import license, issued by the Department of Veterinary Services and Ministry of Int ernational Trade and Industry is necessary for consignments of dairy products entering into Malaysia. Economic The economic represent the general economic health of the country or region in which the organization operates. With the uncertainties over the economy in 2001 and 2002 which due to the war on terrorism since last year, there was softness in demand of dairy product in the local dairy market. The environment today became more turbulent as the terrorism happens everywhere such as the explosion that take place in the Bali in Indonesia, and the Philippine city of Zamboanga. (See appendix about more current issue) Besides, US president was declared to launch war with the Iraq. If this situation takes place, it will mainly affect our economic growth, especially in the Asian countries because the economic problems in US have had a significant impact on the Asian countries as well as the stock market. The world dairy raw material prices will increase due to the inflation of the countries. The dairy product price will therefore increase due to the high cost of raw material. The consumer purch asing power also affect here that the demand of the milk product will be reduces. The consumer may go for select the substitute product which was cheaper than the milk product e.g. soya bean. The unemployment may also take place due to the downturn of economic. Social Cultural The social cultural dimension of the general environment represents the demographic characteristics as well as the norms, customs and value of the general population. In order to meet the consumer satisfaction, MDI have to consider needs of the consumer based on their attitude, taste, age, and the family size. For instance, for the milk it self, it should aimed at various sections of the market i.e. pregnant women, breast feeding mothers, toddlers, children, adolescents, slimmers, active adults, pensioners. For example, a fruit yogurt in Thailand emphasizes health and low calories and is targeted at young women; in Europe, a drinking yogurt in a bright container and featuring a cartoon character on the packaging is aimed at children; elsewhere, a drinking yogurt fortified with vitamins is aimed at active women between the ages of 30 and 40. In this respect, it often seems as if a product is available for every age and occasion. On the other hand, the family also one of the factors affects the producing of milk product. For example, standard packaging of milk in litre and half-litre containers, is well adapted to home consumption, but not well adapted to competing with soft drinks sold from vending machines. For this market, the size of the packaging needs to change (often to between 200 and 350 ml) to encourage sales of milk products, such as flavored milk and chilled coffee, which can compete with soft drinks. Technological Technological dimension includes scientific and technological advancements in a specific industry as well as in society at large. This factor will also affect MDI since the company is using new technology equipment to develop their innovative products. With unceasingly introducing of new technology will be able to develop the innovative products with high quality and high standards. Globalisation means an adherence to universal business principles and practices, which are recognized, respected and understood by the regional and global corporate communities. It is regardless of goods and services that flow across international borders and across vast oceans with few impediments. This also a process which tends to increase the interdependence between national economies. Global markets could offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets. It can be seen, as a movement towards the formation of a single market for goods and services, in which there is no discrimination based on the geographical origin of producers and consumers. Rules of business are changing rapidly and if management is not sensitive to change, their business will be severely affected. Therefore, to survive in the market place, management will h ave no choice but to quickly adapt to continuous changes of globalisation to remain competitive. Opportunity and Threat Today the will to constantly upgrade and to stay at the frontier of the industry remain the key to the companys vision. To meet the challenges ahead, MDI is focusing on the vision which will cover every aspect of business, involving every member of its staff and at every level of the company. Thus, such vision and the principles such as ISO, HACCP become the guiding lights that will plot the companys course in the future. The opportunity to take part in the emerging global economy will also comes to the company. The company will not only establish himself in Malaysia and Singapore but also in other Asia countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, China, Vietnam, and Myanmar etc. However, over recent months, there had been increasing concern over the global economic slowdown, which was most clearly seen in the US and to a lesser extent, in Europe and some countries in Asia. Apparently, the events of Sept 11 had a significant impact on the global business activities. Foreign direct investment worldwide has declined by nearly 50%, indicating a lack of consumer and investor in the light of growing uncertainties in the global business and geo-political environment. This may become one of the threats to MDI in developing its global business. The company also face tough challenge in competitive environment because the competition in the global market is intense, with several major producers vying for the market share. In order to help the company understand their competitive advantage or disadvantage relative to competitors, and to give an informed basis for developing future strategies to sustain or establish advantage over competitors, competitor analysis of the following are necessary here. Competitor Analysis Porter argue that competition in an industry is determined by its basic underlying economic structure, which are the following five force models: * Rivalry among existing competitors The competitor strategic would be one of the main factors to influence the business of MDI. Competitors such as Dutch Lady Milk Industries, Premier Milk/FN Dairies, Nestle Products, New Zealand Milk Products and the Dumex (Malaysia) are constantly coming up with their own market promotional programs by introducing new and improved products and innovative packaging, in order to gain and maintain their market share. These companies often conduct product demonstrations and conduct sampling in shopping complexes and supermarkets. * Threat of new entrants The second model is the barrier to entry the industry. Where barriers to entry are high, the new entrants are likely to be deterred. While the low barriers generally mean that the responses will be slower and offering more opportunity. The barriers to entry the dairy industry are consider medium. The main barrier that the new entrant face would be the creation of strong brands of the competitors such as Nestle and Dutch Lady. * The bargaining power of suppliers This means the behaviour of supplier and their relative power which can squeeze industry profits. This power may affect MDI as most of the raw materials to produce the dairy products are imported from the foreign country such as Australia, Europe and US. Such countries are playing a major player in the world trade of dairy product and they may attempted to dominant the price of the raw material e.g. raises their price to the industry and hence take over part of the profit for themselves. * The bargaining power of buyers Buyers use their power to trade around the industry participant to gain lower prices or improvement to product quality will also affect profitability of MDI. The high standard of milk product that produced by MDI normally offers a lower price compare to other competitors and thus attract more consumer to buy it, for example the low fat of HL milk. * The threat of product substitutes The substitute products which bring the same need to satisfy consumer will bring down the purchases power of the milk product especially when the price move upwards. For example, when the price of the pasteurised milk move up, the customer may look for soya milk which is more cheaper and healthy than the pasteurised milk. In order to tackle the challenges and competitive environment and to expand the company business to the global market, planning consider the main action to MDI to decide where the company to be in the future and how to get it. In fact, the organization such as Shell, IBM, Royal LaPaige, Mazda and United Way have been undertaken a strategic planning exercise each year for reviewing their missions, goals, and plans to meet environment changes or the expectations of important stakeholders. Thus, planning is an important fundamental action for every organization to achieve their goals. There are four main stages in the planning process, which are the following. Establishing Objectives For planning purpose, it is necessary for MDI to define the companys objectives as to provide a sense of direction. The companys objectives are important because company exist for a purpose and such objectives define and state that purpose. Strategic or long-range planning therefore begins with the specification of the objectives towards which future operations should be directed. The attainment of objective also aimed to create the source of motivation and commitment among the employees because the companys goal will facilitate employees identification with the organisation and help motivate them by reducing uncertainty and clarifying what they should accomplish. The first objective that MDI should define is the mission of the company, which describes the broad purpose and its reason for existence, the nature of business and the customers it seek and satisfy. For instance, the business scope of MDI is manufacturing of dairy products. Meanwhile the purpose of the company is to improve the growing demands of the dairy products towards global economy. Another important objective which relate to the organisation as a whole is the corporate objectives. They are normally measurable and are expressed in financial terms such as desired profits or sales levels, return on capital employed, rate of growth or market share. It is important that senior managers of MDI understand clearly where their company is going and why and how their own role contributes to the attainment of corporate objectives. Once the overall objective of the company have been established they must be broken down into subsidiary objectives relating to areas such as product range, market segmentation, customer service etc. Identify Potential Strategies The following stage to the above is to identify a range of possible course of action or strategies that might enable the objectives of MDI to be achieved. Prior to developing strategies, it is necessary to undertake a strategic analysis to better understand the organisations present strategic situation. This involves SWOT analysis of MDI that assess companys strengths and weakness, opportunity and threats in relation to the internal and environmental factors. Once we understand the SWOT of the company, we will be able to identify alternative strategies for the company. The following are some of the strategic that MDI could be use. * Cost leadership This strategy is the aim at being the lowest cost producer in the industry. A firm that bases its competitive strategy on overall cost leadership must construct the most efficient facilities and obtain the largest share market so that its cost per unit is lowest in the industry. It has the ability to lower price in time of severe price competition and provides a cushion to defend profit levels against competitors. Therefore, experience with building the product is very important such as process of production, delivery and service, which lead to further their cost reductions. To bring the cost to the lowest, MDI have to reduce the import of the dairy raw material form foreign country and examining alternatives suppliers who will give the lowest price of ingredients to the company. MDI also can reduce costs through supporting research into new technologies, and using new technology to improve product value, and increasing productivity, and thus bring down the cost. Besides, the company also can use the incentive pay system in order to motivate worker to produce more of the dairy product.

An Overview of Political Conservatism

An Overview of Political Conservatism Principles Ideologies Political conservatism is a term applied to people who believe in: Economic liberty and the central role of free enterprise in American societyA small, non-invasive governmentA strong national defense focused on protection and the fight against terrorism The most influential national political organization for conservatives in the US is the Republican party, although the recent Tea Party phenomenon is perhaps the most tightly aligned with the ideologies mentioned above. There are also many advocacy groups that focus on the promotion of these initiatives. Ancillary Principles Ideologies Conservatives are often wrongly equated with the Christian-right. For years, social conservatives held a firm grip on the Republican Party and by extension the entire conservative movement. For religious conservatives, the principles and ideologies mentioned above are ancillary to the wedge issues that threaten Christian culture. These include: Traditional family values and the sanctity of marriageA commitment to faith and religionThe right to life for every human being While many mainstream conservatives agree with these concepts, most believe they are secondary to the core tenets mentioned previously. Political Leaders Most conservative political leaders tend to be Republican. In most cases, Republican politicians seek to gain the trust of the conservative community. President Ronald Reagan was perhaps the modern conservative movements most important political leader. He ushered in a number of socially conservative initiatives and is widely regarded as the icon of political conservatism. The father of modern conservatism, who was known as Mr. Conservative, was Barry Goldwater. Other conservative leaders have included notable figures such as Newt Gingrich, Robert Walker, George H.W. Bush and Strom Thurmond. Conservative Justices, Media Intellectuals Outside Congress and the White House, the Supreme Court and the national media have a strong influence on US conservative politics and perspectives. Supreme Court Justices William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and judge Robert Bork have all had a major impact on the interpretation of law. In the media, Rush Limbaugh, Patrick Buchanan, Ann Coulter, and Sean Hannity are seen as the conservatives whose opinions have tremendous influence today. In the 20th Century, Russell Kirk and William F. Buckley Jr. were perhaps the most influential and highly regarded conservative intellectuals. Campaigns Elections To be an effective political leader, a conservative must first run an effective campaign. Perhaps no other campaign has been as important to the conservative movement as the one run in 1964 between Mr. Conservative Barry Goldwater and Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson. Although Goldwater lost, the principles he fought for and the legacy he left have resounded with conservatives ever since. Nevertheless, conservatives who run campaigns today often appeal to social conservatives, using abortion, the second amendment, the sanctity of marriage, school prayer and the War on Terror as the key planks in their political platforms. War on Terror In the 20th Century, the Vietnam war stiffened the resolve of conservatives to never again suffer defeat at the hands of a foreign enemy. The War on Terror began with the attack on 9/11, and conservatives remain largely divided about what the battle parameters should be. Most believe the War on Terror must be won at all costs. The decision to invade Afghanistan to search for Osama bin Laden found favor with many conservatives as did the invasion of Iraq to find al Queda operatives. Despite liberal opposition, conservatives see victory in Iraq as the key front in the war against international terrorism. Division of Church State Because conservatives have such a strong belief in small, non-invasive government, most believe the state shouldnt dictate morality or interfere with the church. Conversely, they believe that although government should be free of religion, it shouldnt be free from religion. To conservatives, school prayer isnt an exercise of the institution, but of the individual and should, therefore, be allowed. Most conservatives oppose the idea of a welfare state and believe the government should regulate standards, not appropriate funding, since private organizations are often better equipped to deal with social problems. Abortion Stem Cell Research For social conservatives, no other issue is as important as abortion. Christian conservatives believe in the sanctity of all life including embryos and believe it is morally wrong to abort living fetuses. Consequently, the pro-life movement and the fight against abortion rights is often incorrectly equated with the conservative movement as a whole. While most conservatives are pro-life, the issues gray areas make it as highly debatable inside the conservative movement as they do anywhere else. Still, most conservatives believe abortion is the same as murder and, like murder, should be against the law. Capital Punishment The death penalty debate is another very controversial issue among conservatives. Opinions vary and depend mostly on what type of conservative ideology the person espouses. Compassionate conservatives believe in the Christian concept of forgiveness and compassion, whereas other types of conservatives believe that when justice for murder is delivered, the punishment should fit the crime. In most cases, conservatives believe the well-being of the victim is more important than that of the criminal, and thus capital punishment is justified. Others believe in rehabilitation and a life of repentance and service to God. Economy Taxes Libertarians and Constitutionalists are natural fiscal conservatives due to their desire to reduce government spending, pay off the national debt and shrink the size and scope of government. Although the Republican Party is most often credited with reducing government waste, but big-spending from the most recent GOP administration has hurt the partys reputation. Most conservatives identify themselves as fiscal conservatives because of their desire to deregulate the economy through lower taxes and incentives for small businesses. Most conservatives believe the government should leave the private sector alone. Education, Environment Foreign Policy The most important education issue concerning conservatives has to do with how the theories of creation and evolution are taught in schools. Social conservatives believe that, at the very least, the biblical concept of creation should be taught as an alternative to the evolution theory. More radical creationists believe evolution shouldnt be taught at all because it undermines the notion of mankind being created in Gods image. Another issue is school vouchers, which give parents the freedom to choose which school their children should attend. Conservatives are largely in favor of education vouchers, believing it to be their right to choose where their children receive their education. Conservatives have traditionally argued that global warming was a myth, but recent scientific evidence has indicated it to be a reality. In the face of these overwhelming studies, some conservatives still cling to the idea that it is a myth and that the statistics are skewed. Other conservatives, such as crunchy conservatives, advocate for a cleaner, greener way of living and are in favor of providing the private sector with economic incentives to reduce pollution and develop alternative fuel sources. When it comes to foreign policy, conservatives are divided on this issue as well. Paleoconservatives take a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy, but neoconservatives believe that failure to intervene in international affairs is tantamount to isolationism and as such, stokes the flames of terrorism. Conservative Republicans in Washington are mostly neoconservatives, who support Isreal and the War on Terror.